Flying-machine.



B. QUEZADA. FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 31. 1911.

Patented Dec. 24, 1912.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

By flwwmr ATTORNEYS B. QUBZADA. FLYING MACHINE.-

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 31, 1911.

1,048,429. Patented Dec.24, 1912.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

WITNESSES INVENTOR fia/afv @aazaaa A TTORNEYS B. QUEZADA.

G. 31, 1911. 1,048,429. Patented Dec.24, 1912.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

BELEN QUEZADA, OF SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA.

FLYING-MACHINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed August 81, 1911.

Patented Dec. 24,1912.

Serial no. 040,973.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, BnLi'iN QUEZADA, a citizen of the United States, anda resident of San Jose, in the county of Santa Clara and State ofCalifornia, have invented a new and Im roved Flying-Machine, of

vwhich the fol owing is a full, clear, and

exact description.

My invention relates to flying machines and comprehends a number ofdistinct features relating to the win s, the prime mover and itsconnections wit the propellers, a truncated conical body portion, andvarious other mechanical features for increasing the general eiliciencyof the device.

My invention includes particularly certain improvements in wingconstruction, the essence of these improvements bein the particularcurvatures given to di erent parts of the wings, and the mechanism forconferring these curvatures and for maintaining the same.

I have made the discovery that the stability of a flying machine may beincreased to an almost incredible extent by shaping the wings ashereinafter described, the stability obtained by this means, beingalmost positive and enabling the flying machine, as a whole, even afterthe power is shut off completely, to descend almost as easily and asgracefully as a arachute.

I find that if iiferent portions of the wings be given differentconformit-ies based -upon parabolic lines, as hereinafter described, theabove mentioned object of stability is assured, and also that far lesspower is required in operating the machine than would otherwise benecessary. Aside from this, the grace and elegance of the flying machineis likewise enhanced, the device simulating, to a great extent, themovements of a large bird.

Reference is to be had to the accompanying drawings forming a part ofthis specification in which like characters of reference indicatecorresponding parts in all the views, and in w ich Figure 1 is a planview of my improved flying machine complete; Fig. 2 is a front elevationof the same; Fig. 3 1s a side elevation of the device' Fig. 4 is adetail showing the truncated body portion; Fig. 5 is a cross sectionthrough one of the wings and is taken upon a 'line coinciding with themain transverse parabola; and Fig. 6 is a detail showing in fragmentaryperspective, the

manner in whichthe rafters and ribs crossing the same are securedtogether.

The wings which are of the monoplane type and are two in number, appearat 7, 8. The rudder, used for steering vertically and commonlydesignated as the head, is shown at 9. The truncated body portionappears at 10 and is provided adjacent to its rear end with two fins 11disposed upon its opposlte sides, as will be understood from Fig. 1. At12 is a rear rudder which is mounted upon the adjacent end of thetruncated body portion 10, and is free to swing either horizontally orvertically; in other words, it is a so-called universal steering rudder.The car for carrying the aviator is shown at 12. The propellers areshown at 13, 14, and rotate in opposite directions. The car 12" isrovided with wheel skids 15 to facilitate tie alighting of the machine.The aviators seat is shown at 16 and at 17 is the prime mover, which inthis instance is an internal combustion engine.

The framework of the wings may be un derstood by aid of Fig. 6. A numberof rafters 18 of different lengths, and having different curvatures, ashereinafter described, are crossed by a number of ribs 19, these partsbeing of light, thin resilient wood of any kind suitable for thepurpose. Two blocks 20 are brought edge to'ed e with each rafter 18, andtwo other bloccs 21 are similarly placed op ositely to each other inengagement with eacli rib 19. Strips 22, 23 of light metal, in thisinstance, aluminum, are disposed respectively above and below eachrafter 18. Similar strips 24, 25 are disposed respectively above andbelow each rib 19. Clamping plates 26, 27, each having generally theform of a cross and made of metal, preferably of aluminum, are disposedabove and below each crossing thus formed between a rafter and a rib.Fastenings 28, made of strong, hard string, are threaded throu h holesin the various, parts just describe. and tied into loops, as will beunderstood from Fig. 6. I preferably employ about half a dozen rafterswhich extend in the general direction of the wing, and about a dozen anda half of ribs which are disposed transversely of the general length ofthe wing. There is thus formed a considerable number of crossingsbetween the rafters and the ribs, but as these crossin s are allsubstantially alike and correspon with Fig. 6, they need not be furtherdescribed. Adjacent to each crossing, and wherever else desirable, I emloy a number of metallic bands 30, in t is inof cloth or otherappropriate material which is secured directly upon the. framework abovedescribed and shown fragmenta-rily in Fig. 6. In Fig. 1 the line 31represents the general direction in which one of the rafters 18 extendsfrom the central point 32 between the wings to both wings, and the point33 located upon the rear edge of the wing and not far from the tipthereof. The wing along the line 31 from the point 32 to a point 34located about one-half the length of the wing from the point 32 has theform of a parabola, as Wlll be understood from Fig 2. The parameter ofthis parabola diverges from the vertical by 35 degrees, and is fourteenfeet long for a total wing length of twenty feet. The vertex of theparabola represented by the line 31 from the point 32 to the point 34coincides with the location of the parameter, as will be understood fromFig. 2.

Disposed parallel to the line 31 is another line 35 which extendsoutwardly to the point 36 where it intersects the rear edge of the wing.The line 35, from its inner end up to the point where it crosses acurved line 37, has the form of a parabola. The line 37 is merely acontinuation of the point 34. Another line 38, also parallel with theline 31, extends lengthwise of the wing and is disposed adjacent to therear edge of the latter. The outer end of this line terminates not farfrom the outer end of the line 37. This line 37 is a line of limitationfor the parabolic curve of the. line 38 and of all otherlines' whichcross the line 37; that is to say, each line crossing the line 37 isparabolic up to the oint where it crosses. A line 39 extends rom theinner surface of the wing out to the point 40 which is not far from thetip of the wing. Still another line 41 extends along lengthwise of thewing and adjacent to its anterior edge: This line terminates at a point42 and is parallel with the line 39, and a portion of the line 41 isparabolic.

The various ribs 19 extend crosswise of the wings, and the generalpositions occupied by the ribs are indicated in Fig. 1 by linesextending transversely ofthe wing. One of these lines is the onenumbered 43. This line also indicates the direction along which, if thewing be cut transversely as indicated in Fig. 5, the edge of the wingthus left exposed is parabohc in form. I designate the parabola by theline 41 and by the section line surfa e disclosed in Fig. 5, as the maintransverse parabola. For a machine in which the wings are each twentyfeet in length, the parameter of this parabola is twenty feet in length,as will be understood from Fig. 5, and independently of proportions thisparameter always diverges b 25 degrees. from the vertical, the wing 0course being assumed to be in its normal or so-called horizontalposition.

Disposed between the line 43 representing the main .transverse parabola,and the point 32 representing the innermost extremity of the wing, is anumber of other lines 44, 45, 46, 47. Each of these lines represents aparabola, the curvature, however, differing with each line and beinggreater in propor-- tion to the closeness of the lines to the line 43;that is to say, the respective parameters of the parabolic curvesrepresented by these lines increase as the distance increases from line43 toward the point 32. Upon the opposite side of the line 43, that is,the side toward the adjacent wing tip, is a number'of other lines 48,49, 50, 51, 52 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,

58, '59, 60, 61. These respective lines are suc-' cessively shorter asthe distance between them and the line 43 increases. The lines 48, 49,50, 51 are parabolic, and parts of the lines 52, 53, 54 are alsoparabolic. The three lines last mentioned cross the line 34 which,

bolic. The several parabolas represented by the various transverse lines48, 49, 50, 51, 52,

53, 54 have gradually increasing parameters according to the respectivedistances of these lines from the line 43. The wing tips are shown at62. From thesewing tips to the central point 32, the forward portions ofthe wings, that is, the portions adjacent to the front edges of thewings and bounded by curved lines 63, are not parabolic in crosssection, but'are reverse curves. The art of each wing located betweenits fronte ge and the adjacent line 63, is straight fore'and aft withits rear edge merging into a parabola, the straight portion being tanential to said parabola. I find that if the ront edges of the wings begiven the conformity just described, the ability of the machine tocleave its way through the air is greatly increased.

Joined to the line'63 is another curved sides of these two mainparabolas, thus crossing each other, are a number of successiveparabolas varying in curvature and coinciding in direction with thevarious rafters and ribs. It will be noted that the main longitudinalparabola and the various parabolas upon its opposite sides terminate inthe line 37 which is itself a parabola, and that outside of this linethe various lines crossing it curve gradually in the opposite direction;that is, their ends turn sllghtly upward as will be understood from Fig.2.

--Adjacent to the wings 7, 8 and extending partially between the same isa truncated body portion 10. This body portion is provided at its frontend with two beveled edges 65 properly reinforced, and back of these thetruncated body portion contains a number of arcuate ribs 66, 67 spacedapart, as indicated in Fig. 4, and of different curvature for thepurpose of rendering the truncated body portion 10 convex upon its uppersurface, and concave upon its lower surface. Guy wires 68 extend fromthe rear end of the truncated body portion to a mast 69 carrying, ifdesired, a small flag pole 70. Guy wires 71 extend from the mast 69 tothe opposite sides of the truncated body portion 10. Two other guy wires72 extend from the mast 69 to the rear edges of the wings. Two guy wires73 extend from the rear of the body portion 10 to the bottom of the car12, as will be understood from Fig. 3. Two trusses 74, 75 are locatedupon the under side of the body portion 10 and connected to the guywires 73. A prime mover 17 (in this instance an internal combustionengine) is provided with a driving shaft 76 extending entirely throughthe engine and projecting from the opposite sides thereof. The shaft 76is, in this instance, made in a single integral piece which always turnsin the same direction. Mounted upon the op osite ends of the shaft 76are bevel gears 7 78, and meshing with these bevel gears respectivelyare two other bevel gears 79, 80, the latterbeing mounted'respectivelyupon, and rigid with, two propeller shafts 81, 82, the

latter extending parallel with the line of flight. It will be noted thatthe gears 79, 80 necessarily turn in opposite directions, the resultbeing that the propellers 13, 14 also necessarily'rotate in oppositedirections, thus balancing each other, as regards their relative torque.v

Adjacent to the aviators seat 16 is a steering wheel 83 (see Fig. 3),and operatively connected with the latter are tiller cords 84 which areconnected to levers 85, 86, the latter supporting the steering head 9which has the general form of a box kite. The levers 85, 86 arejournaled upon the car by aid of a pivot rod 87, as will be understoodfrom Fig. 2.

A tiller lever 88 (see left of Fig. 3) is,

by aid of a universal joint 89, connected with the left end of the bodyportion 10, and this tiller lever is also connected wit-h the steeringrudder l2. Tiller cords 90, 91 are connected respectively with the topand bottom ends of the steering levers 88. These tiller cords are alsoconnected with a steering lever 92. Connected with the rudder ]2 are twoother cords 93 for turning the rudder in a horizontal plane.

The machine as a whole is rendered exceedingly stable in the air for anumber of independent reasons. The wings constructed as above described,turn slightly upward at their tips, as will be understood from Fig. 2.Suppose, now, that for any reason the machine for a moment has atendency to lurch sidewise, say, in the direction in which the wing 8extends. The tip of this wing, by projecting slightly upward, causes themachine as it lurches sidewise to sail slightly upward so that a momentafterward the wings 7, 8 present'a considerable aggregate surface to thewind and this checks the further lurching of the machine, and causes thelatter to regain its equilibrium. The same is true, of course, if themachine tends to lurch in the opposite direction, that is, in thedirection in which the wing 7 extends. Suppose, again, that the machinetends to take a sudden lurch downward. The tips of the wings beingslightly elevated and the general shape of the wings considered withreference to their several transverse parabolic curves, or in otherwords, the wings considered in regard to their curvature, and parallelto the general direct-ion of flight, they are so balanced andproportioned that the machine would tend to incline slightly upward atits forward extremity and when in rapid motion the truncated bodyportion 10 would tend to gradually become horizontal. This would restorethe equilibrium of the machine. I

It is conceivable that in rare and exceptional cases the machine mighthave a tendency to lurch directly backward. In this event the truncatedbody'portion 10, by virtue of its angle relatively to the wing structureas a whole, would tend to rise slightly at its rear end so that themachine would, even in this extreme instance, tend'to right itself.

All of the various tendencies just mentioned for the machine to rightitself auto matically are entirely independent of any movable part undercontrol of the aviator,

the idea being that independently of rudders controllable by hand, or ofany other mechanism directly subjected to the will of the aviator, themachine has more or less tendency to set itself right under variousvicissitudes of wind pressure to which it may suddenly be subjected atany moment. The fins 11 are stationary and merely serve as auxiliaryplanes for steadying the rear end of the body portion 10.

The theoretical and practical effect of giving the wings the curvatureabove described may be noted from Figs. 2 and 5. The broken lineextending from U to the point U (upon the wing 7) represents theparameter of the main longitudinal parabola of the Wing 7. Thisparameter is displaced by an angle of degrees from the vertical, and forwings each twenty feet in length, it has a length of fourteen feet.According to Fig. 5 the parameter of the parabola representing thecrossed curvature of the Wing, along the line 43, is displaced by anangle of 25 degrees from the vertical, and for a wing of the dimensionsindicated would have a length of twenty feet. Various other measurementscan be deducted from the structure shown in Fig. 5 and are indicatedin-this figure in accordance with Well understood geometrical symbolswhich need not here be described. The measurements shown at the bottomof Fig. 5 represent the respective lengths of various vertical andhorizontal lines; derived from the dimensions of the 7 correspondingmeasurements of the wing.

The operation of my device can be readily understood from the foregoingdescription. The engine being in action, the propellers 13, 14 areturned in opposite directions, and

' upon the recognized principles of the aeroplane the machine is drivenforward. Under control of the aviator the rudders are actuated asdesired, and the machine steered somewhat after the 'manner of othermachines of this type. When the aviator wishes the machine to descend,he curtails or shuts off the power of the engine, thereby enabling themachine to glide gently to earth, and it alights upon the Wheel skids15.

I do not limit myself to the use of any particular material in makingany or all of=the parts above described, nor to the precise arrangementshown, the scope of my invention being commensurate with my claims.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new and desire tosecure by Letters Patent is 1. A flying machine comprising a body to becarried through the air, and wings for supporting said body, each ofsaid wings beof the general length of the wing, and parallel with eachother, each rib having generally a parabolic form and parallel raftersextending longitudinally of the wings, each of said rafters having adifferent parabolic form.

2. A flying machine comprising a body to be carried through the air, andwings for supporting said body, each wing being provided with a portiondescribing a parabolic curve in the general direction of the length ofthe wing, and said portion further describing a parabolic curveextending crosswise of the wing, said wing further comprising portionsdisposed upon opposite sides of the respective parabolic curves men--tioned and describing parabolic curves varying in curvaturefrom the twoparabolic curves first mentioned.

3. 'A flying machine comprising a body to be carried through the air,and wings for supportingsaid body, each of said wings being providedwith a portion having a parabolic curve so disposed in a directionlengthwise of the Wing that when the machine is in its normal positionthe parameter of said parabolic curve describes an angle from thevertical, said portion having also a parabolic curve so disposed in adirection crosswise of the wing that when the machine is in its normalposition the parameter of said parabolic curve describes an angle fromthe vertical.

4. A flying machine comprising a body to be carried through the air and,wings for supporting said body, each of said wings being formed so as todescribe a main parabolic curve in a general longitudinal direction andcentrally of the wings, a main transverse parabola crossing the wingssubstantially centrally thereof and also crossing the first mentionedparabolic curve, a plurality of parabolas on each side of each of saidfirst mentioned parabolas, said last mentioned parabolas varying theircurvature accordingto the distance they are positioned from the firstmentioned parabolas.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses.

BELEN QUEZADA.

Witnesses L. D. HOBACK, KATHERINE HOBAOK.

